NCERT Solutions / Notes Class 10 Social Studies History Chapter 2 Nationalism in India

NCERT Solutions, Question Answer and Mind Map for Class 10 Social Studies History Chapter 2, “Nationalism in India,” is a study material package designed to help students understand the growth of nationalism in India during the colonial period and the role of various leaders and movements in the struggle for independence.

NCERT Solutions provide detailed explanations and answers to the questions presented in the chapter. The solutions cover all the topics in the chapter, including the rise of nationalism, the impact of colonialism on Indian society, the Non-Cooperation Movement, the Civil Disobedience Movement, and the Quit India Movement. They also provide tips on how to answer different types of questions, including short answer, long answer, and multiple-choice questions.

Class 10 Social Studies History Chapter 2 Nationalism in India
Class 10 Social Studies History Chapter 2 Nationalism in India

The question-answer section of the chapter covers a wide range of topics, from the early nationalist movements, such as the Indian National Congress, to the role of leaders such as Mahatma Gandhi and Subhash Chandra Bose in the struggle for independence. It also includes questions on the impact of nationalism on Indian society, including the growth of communalism and the challenges faced by women in the nationalist movement.

The mind map provides a visual representation of the key topics covered in the chapter, allowing students to understand the connections between different concepts and ideas. The mind map covers the various phases of the nationalist movement in India, the role of different leaders and organizations, and the impact of colonialism on Indian society.

NCERT Solutions / Notes Class 10 Social Studies History Chapter 2 Nationalism in India with Mind Map PDF Download

Nationalism in India

Class 10 Social Studies History Chapter 2 Nationalism in India

Growth of nationalism in India is associated with the anti-colonial movement. The Congress under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi made the Indian National Movement a mass movement. In the second decade of the twentieth century, India was facing several problems due to the First World War (1914-18). The war created a new economic and political situation.

Problems Created by the First World War

Class 10 Social Studies History Chapter 2 Nationalism in India

Gandhi and his Idea of Satyagraha
While people were facing these hardships, Gandhi emerged on the Indian political scene with his unique tool of ‘Satyagraha’.

Class 10 Social Studies History Chapter 2 Nationalism in India
Gandhi

Satyagraha according to Gandhi was a unique weapon to fight injustice. It was a novel method of mass agitation. It stressed on the principle of truth, non- violence, tolerance and peaceful protests. Gandhi had already organised a successful satyagraha movement in South Africa. He also organised it successfully at Champaran in Bihar (1916), Kheda in Gujarat (1917) and Ahmedabad in Gujarat (1918).

The Rowlatt Act

The Rowlatt Act was passed in 1919 in the Imperial Legislative Council. This Act empowered the British Government to arrest nationalists and imprisoned them for two years without any trial. Gandhi launched a movement against this unjust Act. Shops were closed and workers of the railway workshop went on strike. Rallies protesting against this Act were organised in various cities.

Class 10 Social Studies History Chapter 2 Nationalism in India
A pictorial representation of the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre

Alarmed by the large participation of people in the movement, the Government arrested prominent leaders from Amritsar. Gandhi was barred from entering Delhi. On 10 April 1919, the police fired on a peaceful procession. People retaliated by attacking banks and railway stations. On 13 April, a large crowd assembled at Jallianwala Bagh protesting against the arrest of some of their leaders who criticised the Government for passing the Rowlatt Act. General Dyer blocked the exit of the Bagh and fired on the unarmed crowd. This resulted in the deaths of hundreds of people.

People in many north Indian towns protested against the killings at Jallianwala. The Government brutally suppressed these protests. It humiliated and terrorised the people. People who protested were forced to rub their noses on the ground, crawl on the streets and salute all British officers. As villages around Gujranwala in Punjab began to be bombed and the violence began to spread, Gandhi decided to call off the movement.

Class 10 Social Studies History Chapter 2 Nationalism in India

Non-Cooperation Movement

  • Gandhi believed that if Indians do not cooperate with the British, the latter will have to leave India. He proposed to the people that government titles should be surrendered and people  should resign from civil services, government-run educational institutions and legislative councils. It also included the boycott of foreign goods.

NCERT Solutions for Class 6th SSt

  • Chapter 1
  • The resolution on Non-Cooperation Movement was passed in Nagpur in December 1920.
  • After the movement was launched, thousands of students left government schools and colleges in many cities. Teachers from these schools resigned, and lawyers gave up their practices.
  • The council elections were boycotted in most provinces except in Madras where the Justice Party participated in the elections.
  • As a part of the movement, foreign goods were boycotted and stress was laid on the use of swadeshi products. This led to decline in the import of foreign cloth and gave a boost to the Indian textile industry.
  • The movement however slowed down in the cities as khadi cloth was more expensive than mill cloth and people could not afford to buy it. Many students and teachers again joined government schools and colleges as there were only a handful of Indian educational institutions.

Economic Impact of the Movement

Class 10 Social Studies History Chapter 2 Nationalism in India

The Non-Cooperation Movement among the tribal Population

  • The movement soon spread among the tribal regions of India. Various tribes protested against the Government because the British denied their traditional rights in the forests and they were also forced into the ‘begar’ (forced) labour.
  • The colonial government had closed large forest areas, preventing people from entering the forests to graze their cattle, or to collect fuelwood and fruits. This infuriated the tribals.
Class 10 Social Studies History Chapter 2 Nationalism in India
Alluri Sitaram Raju
  • Alluri Sitaram Raju inspired the tribals to participate in the movement and wear khadi clothes. However, he believed that India can be liberated only by using violence.
  • The Gudem rebels attacked police stations and vowed to carry guerilla warfare for attempting swaraj. However, Alluri Sitaraman Raju was captured and executed in 1924.

Rebellions in the Countryside

Class 10 Social Studies History Chapter 2 Nationalism in India

Meaning of ‘Swaraj’ for the Plantation Workers

Plantation workers equated the concept of ‘swaraj’ with their basic rights which were denied by plantation owners.

Class 10 Social Studies History Chapter 2 Nationalism in India

Withdrawal of the Non-Cooperation Movement

Class 10 Social Studies History Chapter 2 Nationalism in India

Towards Civil Disobedience

In February 1922, the Non-Cooperation Movement was withdrawn because Mahatma Gandhi felt that it was turning violent. Some of the leaders wanted to participate in elections to the provincial councils. Swaraj Party was formed by CR Das and Motilal Nehru. In the late 1920s Indian politics again shaped because of two factors. The first effect was the worldwide economic depression and the second effect was the falling agricultural prices. The Statutory Commission was set up to look into the functioning of the constitutional system in India and suggest changes. In 1928, Simon Commission arrived in India and it was greeted by the slogan ‘Go back Simon’. In December 1929, under the presidency of Jawaharlal Nehru, the Lahore Congress formalised the demand of ‘Purna Swaraj’ or full independence for India. It was declared that 26 January 1930 would be celebrated as Independence Day.

Factors shaping the Indian politics in late 1920s

Two factors shaped the Indian politics towards late 1920s.

  • The first was the impact of worldwide economic depression, Peasants were the worst suffers as the prices of their agricultural goods reduced drastically.
  • The second factor was that at this time, Tory government in Britain appointed a committee under Sir John Simon to look into the functioning of the constitutional system in India and suggest changes. Political parties opposed the Commission because it did not have any Indian as a member.
Class 10 Social Studies History Chapter 2 Nationalism in India

In this background, the Congress under the president ship of Nehru declared ‘Purna Swaraj’ or an independent India as an ultimate aim of the Congress.

The Civil Disobedience Movement

Gandhi on 31 January, 1930, sent a letter to Viceroy Irwin stating eleven demands. While some of these demands were of general interests, some were specific. The most stirring of all demands was the demand to abolish ‘Salt Laws’. Gandhi chose salt as it was used by people of all sections of the society and was an essential food item. When demands were not fulfilled, Gandhi started his famous ‘salt march’. On April 11, 1930, he reached Dandi, a coastal village of Gujarat and violated the law by manufacturing salt marking the beginning of the Civil Disobedience Movement. During this movement people were asked not only to refuse cooperation with the British but also to break colonial laws.

Class 10 Social Studies History Chapter 2 Nationalism in India

People participated in the Movement in the following ways:

  • People across the nation broke the salt law, manufactured salt and demonstrated in front of government salt factories
  • Foreign cloth was boycotted and liquor shops were picketed
  • Peasants refused to to pay revenue and chaukidari tax
  • Village officials resigned and people living in countryside violated forest laws

Repression of the Government

  • The government began arresting Congress leaders. This in turn led to violent clashes at many places
  • When Gandhi was arrested during the course of the movement, industrial workers in Sholapur attacked police posts, municipal buildings and structures that symbolised the British rule
  • The government responded with brutal repression. Peaceful satyagrahis were attacked, women and children were beaten and around 100,000 people were arrested.

Under such situation Gandhi signed the Irwin pact and decided to call off the movement. While Gandhi agreed to participate in the Second round Table Conference, the government agreed to release the political prisoners. However, the talks during the Second Round Table Conference did not succeed. When Gandhi returned and came to know about the arrest of prominent Indian leaders- Nehru and Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan, he re-launched the Civil Disobedience Movement.

Participation of Various Communities in the Civil Disobedience Movement

Rich peasant communities

  • The rich peasant communities like the Patidars of Gujarat and the Jats of Uttar Pradesh – were active in the movement
  • They were hit hard by the Great Depression and found it extremely difficult to pay the government’s revenue demands.
  • For the rich peasants the fight for swaraj was a struggle against high revenues. But they were disappointed after the Movement was withdrawn without revising any revenue rates

Poor Peasants

  • The poor peasants not only wanted the revenues to decrease but also wanted the unpaid rent to the landlord to be remitted
  • The radical movements pertaining to poor peasants were often led by the Socialists and the Communists.
  • However, the Congress was not willing to support ‘no rent’ campaigns in most places and hence the relationship between the poor peasants and the Congress remained uncertain

Business Class

  • During the First World War, the business class had made huge profits and had become powerful. The industrialist class led by known industrialists such as Purshottamdas Thakurdas and G. D. Birla supported the Movement and criticised the colonial control over the Indian economy.
  • They gave financial assistance and refused to buy or sell imported goods.
  • For most industrialists, Swaraj was a time when the government’s restrictions on business would end.

Industrial Class

Class 10 Social Studies History Chapter 2 Nationalism in India

Women

Women actively participated in the Civil Disobedience Movement. Women came out in large numbers and participated in protest marches, manufactured salt and picketed shops selling liquor and foreign goods. However, for a long time, Congress was reluctant to allow women to hold any position of authority within the Congress as most Congressmen along with Gandhi were of the views that primary duty of a woman was to look after home and children.

Class 10 Social Studies History Chapter 2 Nationalism in India

Limits of the Civil Disobedience Movement

  • The ‘untouchables’ or the ‘dalits’ remained aloof from the Congress during the Civil Disobedience Movement. The Congress had ignored them for the fear of offending the higher caste Hindus.
  • Dr. B.R. Ambedkar organized the dalits into the Depressed Classes Association in 1930. He demanded separate electorates for the dalits in the Second Round table Conference. The British accepted the demands but Gandhi was against this concession as he believed that separate electorates for dalits would slow down the process of their assimilation into society.
  • Ambedkar accepted Gandhi’s position and signed the Poona Pact in September 1932. The dalits were given reserved seats in provincial and central legislative councils, but they were to be voted in by the general electorate. The dalits however, apprehensive of the Congress led national movement.
  • Various Muslim associations in the country did not completely support the Civil Disobedience Movement. After the Khilafat Movement, they felt alienated from the Congress. The Muslims demanded a separate electorate for themselves. They believed that the Congress had same interests as the Hindu Mahasabha and thus did not support it. They demanded reserved seats in the Central Assembly which was opposed by the Hindu Mahasabha.

Gandhi as a Social Reformer

Gandhi was not only an exceptional political leader but was also a social reformer. He worked for the upliftment of the people belonging to the lower classes.

Class 10 Social Studies History Chapter 2 Nationalism in India

The Sense of Collective Belonging

The feeling of nationalism and the idea of collective belonging to the nation emerged in India because of the several factors:

Class 10 Social Studies History Chapter 2 Nationalism in India
  • When people fought collectively to oppose the British in various movements and struggles, the feeling of nationalism was born.
  • Nationalism also grew as a result of various literary and artistic activities. The idea of India came to be associated with the image of ‘Bharat Mata’.
Class 10 Social Studies History Chapter 2 Nationalism in India
  • The Novel ‘Anadmath’ written by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay included the famous song ‘Vande Matram’ which instilled the feeling of nationalism amongst the hearts of the people.
  • Ideas of nationalism also developed through a movement to revive the Indian folklore. Nationalists in the country toured several villages and collected folklores and folk tales to discover national identity.
Class 10 Social Studies History Chapter 2 Nationalism in India
Class 10 Social Studies History Chapter 2 Nationalism in India
  • Various symbols were also used by national leaders to inspire people. During the Swadeshi movement in Bengal, a tricolour flag (red, green and yellow) was designed. It had eight lotuses representing eight provinces of British India, and a crescent moon, representing Hindus and Muslims.
NCERT Solutions / Notes Class 10 Social Studies History Chapter 2 Nationalism in India – Class 10 Social Studies History Chapter 2
  • In 1921, Gandhi designed the ‘Swaraj Flag’. It was a tricolour flag and had a spinning wheel in the centre. It represented the Gandhian ideal of self-help.
  • Reinterpretation of history played an important role in

creating a feeling of nationalism. The British historians described Indians as backward, primitive and incapable of governing themselves. In response, the Indian historians wrote about the glorious Indian past. They asserted that before the colonial rule, India made advancements in the fields of art, architecture, science, mathematics, religion and culture. Her economy began to decline only after the establishment of the colonial rule in India.

All the above factors instilled a sense of nationalism among the Indians. However, the efforts to unify people were not without problems. When the Hindu rule of ancient India began to be glorified and images were drawn from Hindu iconography, the people of other communities began to feel alienated.

Class 10 Social Studies History Chapter 2 Nationalism in India

Important Questions

Multiple Choice Questions-

  1. Why did Gandhiji organise Satyagraha in 1917 in Kheda district of Gujarat?

(a) To support the plantation workers
(b) To protest against high revenue demand
(c) To support the mill workers to fulfil their demand
(d) To demand loans for the farmers

  1. Why was Satyagraha organised in Champaran in 1916?

(a) To oppose the British laws
(b) To oppose the plantation system
(c) To oppose high land revenue
(d) To protest against the oppression of the mill workers

NCERT Solutions for Class 6th SSt

  • Chapter 1
  1. Why was the Simon Commission sent to India?

(a) To look into the Indian constitutional matter and suggest reform
(b) To choose members of Indian Council
(c) To settle disputes between the government and the Congress leaders
(d) To set up a government organization

  1. Why was Alluri Sitarama Raju well known?

(a) He led the militant movement of tribal peasants in Andhra Pradesh.
(b) He led a peasant movement in Avadh.
(c) He led a satyagraha movement in Bardoli.
(d) He set up an organisation for the uplifment of the dalits.

  1. Why did General Dyer open fire on peaceful crowd in Jallianwalla Bagh? Mark the most important factor.

(a) To punish the Indians
(b) To take revenge for breaking martial laws
(c) To create a feeling of terror and awe in the mind of Indians
(d) To disperse the crowd

  1. What kind of movement was launched by the tribal peasants of Gudem Hills in Andhra Pradesh?

(a) Satyagraha Movement
(b) Militant Guerrilla Movement
(c) Non-Violent Movement
(d) None of the above

  1. Who among the following two leaders led the Khilafat Movement?

(a) Shaukat Ali and Muhammad Ali
(b) Gandhiji and Sardar Patel
(c) Muhammad Ali Jinnah and Abul Kalam Azad
(d) Abul Kalam Azad and Jawaharlal Nehru

  1. Why did Gandhiji withdraw the Non-Cooperation Movement? [Delhi 2011]

(a) Gandhiji realised that people were losing interest in the movement.
(b) Gandhiji felt that the movement was turning violent in many places.
(c) Some Congress leaders wanted to participate in elections to Provincial Councils.
(d) Some Congress leaders wanted more radical mass agitations.

  1. Who were the ‘Sanatanis’?

(a) Saints
(b) Dalits
(c) Labours
(d) High-caste Hindus

  1. The main problem with the Simon Commission was that:

(a) It was an all British commission.
(b) It was formed in Britain.
(c) It was set up in response to the nationalist movement.
(d) It supported the Muslim League.

  1. ‘Hind Swaraj ’ was written by:

(a) Abul Kalam Azad
(b) Mahatma Gandhi
(c) Sardar Patel
(d) Subhas Chandra Bose

  1. Why did the Indians oppose the Rowlatt Act?

(a) It introduced the Salt Law.
(b) It increased taxes on land.
(c) It gave the British the power to arrest and detain a person without a trial.
(d) It put a ban on the Congress party.

  1. Due to the effect of the Non-Cooperation movement on the plantation workers in Assam, they:

(a) left the plantations and headed home.
(b) went on strike.
(c) destroyed the plantations.
(d) None of these

  1. The resolution of Puma Swaraj was adopted at which session?

(a) Karachi Congress
(b) Haripur Congress
(c) Lahore Congress
(d) Lucknow Congress

  1. Which one of the following Viceroys announced a vague offer of dominion status for India in October 1929? [All India 2012]

(a) Lord Mount batten
(b) Lord Dalhousie
(c) Lord Irwin
(d) None of these

Very Short:

  1. With which idea the modern nationalism in Europe is associated ?
  2. In India what tied many different groups together against colonial power ?
  3. What was forced recruitment ?
  4. Why did Gandhiji go to Champaran in 1916 ?
  5. Which Satyagraha movement was organised in Ahmedabad and when ?
  6. State one oppressive feature of Rowlatt Act ?
  7. When did Jallianwala Bagh massacre take place and where ?
  8. Which famous book was written by Mahatma Gandhi in 1909 ?
  9. For what the Congress session of December 1920 is known ?
  10. Which party in the province of Madras did not boycott the council elections 9

Short Questions:

  1. What was the view of Mahatma Gandhi about salt tax and govt, monopoly lover it ?
  2. By which march the Civil Disobedience Movement started ?
  3. State one difference between Non-cooperation and Civil Disobedience Movement.
  4. When was a pact with Lord Irwin signed ? How is it known ?
  5. What was main clause of the Gandhi-Irwin Pact (1931) ?
  6. Why the Congress was reluctant to include workers’ demands as part of its programme of Civil Disobedience Movement ?
  7. Who organised the dalits into the Depressed Classes Association in 1930 ?
  8. What was the demand of BR Ambedkar for the dalits at the Second Round Table Conference ?
  9. Which are the different factors in making of nationalism ?
  10. Who wrote ‘Vande Mataram’ in 1870s ?

Long Questions:

  1. Question: Explain the reasons and effects of Jallianwala Bagh massacre.

                                              Or

Narrate the events leading to the Jallianwala Bagh massacre on 13 April, 1919. What were its effects ?

  1. Question: Why did Mahatma Gandhi feel the need to launch a more broad-hased movement in India ? How did he achieve this object ?
  2. Question: How had non-cooperation spread in cities ? Explain. Why did it gradually slow down ?
  3. Question: Describe the causes, events and results of peasants movement of Awadh during the Non-Cooperation Movement.
  4. Question: Write a short note on the participation of tribal peasants in the Gudem Hills of Andhra Pradesh in the Non-Cooperation Movement.

NCERT Solutions for Class 6th SSt

  • Chapter 1

Assertion Reason Questions:

  1. Directions: – In the following questions, the Assertions (A) and Reason(s) (R) have been put forward. Read both statements carefully and choose the correct answer from the below:

(a) Both assertion (A) and Reason(R) are correct, and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b) Both assertion (A) and Reason(R) are correct, and R is not the correct explanation of A
(c) Assertion (A) is correct, but Reason (R) is wrong
(d) Assertion (A) is wrong, but Reason (R) is correct

Assertion: Mahatma Gandhi found salt a powerful symbol that could unite the nation.

Reason: Salt was something essential, consumed by the rich and the poor alike.

  1. Directions: – In the following questions, the Assertions (A) and Reason(s) (R) have been put forward. Read both statements carefully and choose the correct answer from the below:

(a) Both assertion (A) and Reason(R) are correct, and R is the correct explanation of A.

(b) Both assertion (A) and Reason(R) are correct, and R is not the correct explanation of A

(c) Assertion (A) is correct, but Reason (R) is wrong

(d) Assertion (A) is wrong, but Reason (R) is correct

Assertion: When the Simon Commission arrived in India in 1928, it was greeted with the slogan ‘Go back Simon’.

Reason: The Commission did not have a single Indian member.

Case Study Questions:

  1. Read the source given below and answer the questions that follows:

Manchester imports into India declined as the British mills were busy with war production to meet the needs of the army paving the way for the Indian mills to supply for the huge home market. As the war prolonged, Indian factories were called upon to supply war needs. As a result, new factories were set up, new workers were employed, and everyone was made to work longer hours. On 13th April 1919, a crowd of villagers, who had come to attend a Baisakhi fair, gathered in the enclosed ground of Jallianwala Bagh. Being from outside the city, many were not aware of the martial law that had been imposed as a repressive measure. General Dyer with his British troops entered the park and closed the only exit point without giving any warning to the assembled people and ordered the troops to fire at the crowds, killing hundreds. Foreign goods were boycotted, liquor shops were picketed, and foreign cloth was burnt. The import of foreign cloth halved between 1921-1922. Its value dropped from Rs. 102 crore to Rs. 57 crores. Many merchants and traders refused to trade in foreign goods or finance foreign trade. Use of khadi was popularized.

Answer the following MCQs by choosing the most appropriate option:

  1. Which was the effect of First World War on India as Britain was busy in war in Europe?
  1. Manchester imports into India declined as the British mills were busy with war.
  2. Production to meet the needs of the army paving the way for the Indian mills to supply for the huge home market.
  3. As the war prolonged, Indian factories were called upon to supply war needs.
  4. All of these.
  5. Which of the following were related to the incident of Jallianwala Bagh Massacre?
  1. On 13th April 1919, a crowd of villagers who had come to attend a Baisakhi fair, gathered in the enclosed ground of Jallianwala Bagh.
  2. General Dyer with his British troops entered the park and closed the only exit point without giving any warning.
  3. Both (a) and (b).
  4. None of these.
  5. What were the consequences of non – the cooperation movement after 1922?
  1. Foreign goods were not boycotted.
  2. The import of foreign cloth halved between 1921-1922. Its value dropped from Rs. 102 crores to Rs. 57 crores.
  3. Many merchants and traders did not refuse to trade in foreign goods or finance foreign trade.
  4. The use of khadi was not popularized.
  5. What was the name of the British officer who was responsible for the Jallianwala Bagh massacre?
  1. General Dyre.
  2. Lord Cornwallis.
  3. Lord Wellesley.
  4. Lord Dalhousie.
  5. Read the source given below and answer the questions that follows:

Another important feature of the Civil Disobedience Movement was the large-scale participation of women. During Gandhiji’s Salt March, thousands of women came out of their homes to listen to him. They participated in protest-marches, manufactured salt and picketed foreign cloth and liquor shops. Many went to jail. In urban areas, these women were from high caste families. In rural areas, they came from rich peasant households. Moved by Gandhiji’s call, they began to see service to the nation as a sacred duty of women. Gandhiji was convinced that it was the duty of women to look after home and hearth, be good mothers and good wives. And for a long time, the Congress was reluctant to allow women to hold any position of authority within the organisation. It was keen only on their symbolic presence.

Answer the following MCQs by choosing the most appropriate option:

  1. During Gandhiji’s Salt March, thousands of women participated in:
  1. Providing service to the nation.
  2. Doing protest marches.
  3. Fighting for struggle.
  4. Widespread resentment.
  5. The women from rural areas, mainly belonging to:
  1. High caste families.
  2. Low caste families.
  3. Rich peasant households.
  4. Dalit societies.
  5. When did Gandhi initiated a movement in Champaran in Bihar against the oppressive indigo plantation system?
  1. 1916
  2. 1920
  3. 1925
  4. 1918
  5. Women thought this as a sacred duty moved by Gandhiji’s call:
  1. Looking after home and hearth.
  2. Service to the nation.
  3. Holding position of authority.
  4. Participating in the movement.

ANSWER KEY

MCQ:

  1. Answer: b
  2. Answer: b
  3. Answer: a
  4. Answer: a
  5. Answer: c
  6. Answer: b
  7. Answer: a
  8. Answer: b
  9. Answer: d
  10. Answer: a
  11. Answer: b
  12. Answer: c
  13. Answer: a
  14. Answer: c
  15. Answer: c

Very Short Answer:

  1. Answer:

Modem nationalism in Europe was associated with the formation of nation-states.

  1. Answer:

The sense of being oppressed under colonialism provided a shared bond that tied different groups together.

  1. Answer:

Forced recruitment was a process by which colonial state forced people to join the army.

  1. Answer:

In 1916 Mahatma Gandhi went to Champaran to inspire the peasants to struggle against the oppressive plantation system.

  1. Answer:

In 1918 Mahatma Gandhi went to Ahmedabad to organise satyagraha movement amongst cotton mill workers.

  1. Answer:

It allowed detention of political prisoners without trial for two years.

  1. Answer:

Jallianwala Bagh massacre took place on 13 April, 1919 at Amritsar.

  1. Answer:

Hind Swaraj.

  1. Answer:

At the Congress session (Nagpur) non-cooperation programme was adopted by the Congress.

  1. Answer:

Justice Party.

Short Answer:

  1. Answer:

Mahatma Gandhi declared that the tax on salt and the government monopoly over its production revealed the most oppressive face of British rule.

  1. Answer:

Dandi March.

  1. Answer:

People were now asked not only to refuse cooperation with the British, as they had done in 1921-22, but also to break colonial law such as salt tax law.

  1. Answer:

The pact known as Gandhi-Irwin Pact, was signed on 5th March, 1931.

  1. Answer:

Gandhiji consented to participate in the Second Round Table Conference in London and the government agreed to release the political prisoners.

  1. Answer:

The Congress was reluctant to include workers’ demands as part of its programme because it was felt that this would alienate industrialists and divide the anti-imperial forces.

  1. Answer:

BR.Ambedkar.

  1. Answer:

BR Ambedkar demanded separate electorate for the dalits.

  1. Answer:

History and fiction, folklore and songs, popular prints and symbols all played a part in the making of nationalism.

  1. Answer:

In 1870s Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay wrote “Vande Mataram’ as a hymn to the motherland.

Long Answer:

  1. Answer:

(A) The reasons/events leading to the Jallianwala Bagh massacre were as mentioned below :

  1. In March 1919, Rowlatt Act was passed despite the united opposition of the Indian members. It gave powers to the government to detain political prisoners without trial for two years.
  2. Gandhiji decided to start non-violent civil disobedience against Rowlatt Act with a hartal on 6 April, 1919.
  3. Activities under the movement were as given below :
    1. Rallies were organised in various cities.
    2. Workers went on strike in railway workshops.
    3. Shops were closed.
  4. Policy of the government: The government was alarmed by the popular participation in the movement and was afraid that the lines of communications – railways and telegraph would be disrupted, it decided to follow a stric policy as given below :
    1. Local leaders in Amritsar were arrested.
    2. Mahatma Gandhi was barred from entering Delhi.
    3. On April 10,1919, the police in Amritsar fired upon a peaceful procession. As a result of firing people were provoked and attacked banks, post offices and railway stations.
    4. The government in order to control the situation, imposed Martial Law. General Dyer took command.
  5. On 13 April, 1919, i.e., Baisakhi day, villagers gathered in a fair in Jallianwala Bagh. They were unaware of the Martial Law that had been imposed. Dyer entered the area and blocked the exit point. He opened fire on the crowd, killing hundreds. He declared later that his object was to ‘produce a moral effect’, i.e., create in the minds of satyagrahis a feeling of terror and awe.

(B) Effects :

  1. After the Jallianwala Bagh massacre crowds took to the streets in many north Indian towns. There were strikes, clashes with the police and attacks on government buildings.
  2. The government, on the other hand, followed a policy of repression.
  1. They humiliated and terrorised people.
  2. Satyagrahis were forced to rub their noses on the ground.
  3. They were forced to crawl on the streets and salam all sahibs.
  4. People were flogged.
  5. Some villages around Gujranwala in Punjab were bombed. As the violence spread, Gandhiji called off the movement.
  6. Answer:

(A) The reason for a more broad-based movement was that the Rowlatt Satyagraha had been a widespread movement but it was mostly limited to cities and towns.

(B) Gandhiji achieved his object in the way as mentioned below :

  1. Gandhiji felt that a more broad-based movement could not be organised without bringing Hindu-Muslim unity.
  2. (a) One way of achieving Hindu-Muslim unity was to take up the Khilafat issue.

(b) After the defeat of Turkey in World War I there were rumours that harsh terms would be imposed on the emperor of Turkey who was also the Khalifa or the spiritual head of the Muslims.

(c) The Indian Muslims decided to defend the temporal powers of the Khalifa.

id) Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali — two brothers, met Gandhiji who saw this as an opportunity to bring two communities closer and start a unified national movement.

  1. Congress sessions at Calcutta and Nagpur:

(a) In the special session of the Congress at Calcutta in September 1920, inspite of opposition of some leaders, Gandhiji convinced leaders to start a Non-Cooperation Movement in support of Khilafat as well as for swaraj.

(b) However, many within the Congress were reluctant to boycott the council elections scheduled for November 1920, and they feared that the movement might lead to violence.

(c) But finally at Nagpur session in December 1920, a compromise between two Congress groups was worked out and the Non-Cooperation programme was adopted in support of Khilafat as well as for Swaraj.

  1. Answer:

(a) In the towns, middle classes participated in the movement in the following ways :

  1. Students left the schools and colleges. Headmasters and teachers resigned. Lawyers gave up their practice.
  2. Elections were boycotted except in Madras, where Justice Party, took part in elections because it was a party of non-Brahmans and felt that entering the Council was one way of gaining some power – something that usually only Brahmans had access to.
  3. Foreign goods were boycotted.
  4. Liquor shops were picketed.
  5. Foreign clothes were burnt in huge bonfires.
  6. Many traders refused to import foreign cloth or trade in foreign goods.

(b) Economic effects of Non-Cooperation Movement were as given below :

  1. The import of foreign cloth decreased from ? 102 crore to K 57 crore between 1921 and
  2. In many places merchants and traders refused to trade in foreign goods or finance foreign trade.
  3. People discarded foreign clothes and started wearing only Indian clothes. This led to increased production by the Indian textile mills and handlooms.

(c) The movement in the cities gradually slowed down for the reasons as given below :

  1. Khadi was often more expensive than mass produced mill cloth and poor people could not afford to buy it.
  2. Similarly the boycott of British institutions failed because to be successful alternative Indian institutions could not be set up in place of the British ones. As a result of it, students and teachers began to go back to government schools.
  3. The lawyers too joined back work in government courts.
  4. Answer:

During the Non-Cooperation Movement, the peasants of Awadh under the leadership of Baba Ramchandra – a sanyasi, participated.

  1. Causes :

(a) The talukdars and landlords demanded high rents and other cesses from the peasants who had to do begar and work at landlord’s farms without payment.

(b) As tenants, there was no security of tenure and no right over the leased land.

  1. Object and demands : The demands included reduction of revenue, abolition of begar, and social boycott of oppressive landlords.
  2. Activities during the movement:

(a) In many places, nai-dhobi bandhs were organised by panchayats to deprive landlords of the services of even barbers and washermen.

(b) By October 1920 Oudh Kisan Sabha was formed. It was headed by Jawaharlal Nehru who had gone there, talked to the villagers to understand their grievances.

(c) Within a month over 300 branches had been setup in the villages around this region.

(d) After the start of non-cooperation movement Congress tried to integrate the Awadh peasants struggle into a wider struggle.

(e) The peasant movement, however, developed in forms that the Congress leadership was unhappy with because in 1921 the houses of talukdars and merchants were attacked, bazars were looted, and grain hoards were taken over.

The local leaders told peasants that Gandhiji had declared that no taxes were to be paid and land was to be redistributed among the poor. The name of Gandhiji was used to sanction all actions and aspirations.

  1. Results : As the peasants struggle had turned violent, the Congress was unhappy.
  2. Answer:
  3. Causes for participation :

(a) The colonial government had closed large forest areas, preventing people from entering the forests to graze their cattle, or to collect fuelwood and fruits.

(b) These restrictions had affected their livelihoods as well as their traditional rights.

(c) They were forced to contribute begar for road building.

  1. Activities : They attacked police stations and attempted to kill British officials and carried on guerrilla warfare for achieving swaraj.
  2. Their leader and his views : Alluri Sitaram Raju led them in the militant guerrilla movement. He was influenced by Gandhiji and persuaded them to wear khadi and give up drinking. He believed in the use of force for liberation of the country. He was captured and executed in 1924 and became a folk hero.
  3. Importance : This shows that tribal people were also influenced by Non-Cooperation Movement and took part in it in their own way. Tribal peasants, however, could not achieve their objects because such activities were not approved by the Congress.

Assertion Reason Answer:

  1. (a) Both assertion (A) and Reason(R) are correct, and R is the correct explanation of A.
  2. (a) Both assertion (A) and Reason(R) are correct, and R is the correct explanation of A.

Case Study Answer:

(i)(d)All of these.
(ii)(c)Both (a) and (b).
(iii)(b)The import of foreign cloth halved between 1921-1922. Its value dropped from Rs. 102 crore to Rs. 57 crore.
(iv)(a)General Dyre.
(i)(b)Doing protest marches.
(ii)(c)Rich peasant households.
(iii)(a)1916
(iv)(b)Service to the nation.

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