Class 12 Geography Key Notes Chapter 5 Secondary Activities

Class 12 Geography Key Notes Chapter 5 Secondary Activities

Class 12 Geography Key Notes Chapter 5 Secondary Activities

What do you mean by secondary activities?

• Those activities which convert primary products into more useful commodities are called secondary activities
• Example-sugarcane to sugar, iron ore to steel or iron rod, cotton to yarn

 Manufacturing

• It means the conversion of raw material into more useful and valuable products with the help of machines
• Example iron ore is made as steel or iron rod

 Industry

• It is a Centre where raw materials are converted as useful products

Characteristics of modern large-scale manufacturing

• Specialisation of skills /methods of production
• Mechanization- using machines for large production
• Technological innovation

Organisational structure and stratification of large-scale manufacturing involves

• A complex machine technology
• Extreme specialisation and division of labour for producing more goods with the less effort and low cost in materials
• vast capital
• Large organisation set up
• Executive bureaucracy Locational factors of industries Geographical factors
• Access to raw material
• access to labour and market
• Access to water supply
• Availability of energy resources (Hydel Power, Nuclear Power, Thermal Power, Non- Conventional energy resources)
• Distance of the raw material centers and manufacturing centre Non-Geographical Factors
• Good management
• Government policies
• vast capital
• Good environment
• Human knowledge

Classification of industries based on size

1. Cottage Industries
2. Small Scale Industries
3. Large Scale Industries

Cottage industries or household industries

• Smaller in size and are carried in house only
• Using available local raw material with the very simple usage of tools
• Only family members are engaged
• Produced goods are sold in the neighbouring areas
• Not require a sophisticated transport network
• Does not require huge capital
• Example – foodstuff, mats, tools, furniture making, pottery making, and basket making etc…

Small scale industries

• Use modern Power drive and machines and a employee local labour as well
• Raw material is obtained from out side
• Larger in size than cottage industries
• Production is sold beyond the local markets
• Provide employment for a large number of people in the local areas
• Examples- textiles, Toys making, furniture making, edible oil and Leather goods

Large scale industries

• Production is in a large scale
• Sophisticated and hi-tech machines are used
• Requires huge capital
• Raw materials are brought from for off places
• Special care is taken for maintaining quality and quantity of the product
• Management is complex
• Finished products are sold in for off places
• Requires best well-developed transport network system

Based on size of operation and nature of products

1. Heavy industries and
2. Light industries

Heavy industries

• They deal bulky products
• Heavily depending upon raw material
• Hence, they are located very close to raw material centre
• Example iron and steel industries

Light industries

• They are small in size of operation
• They deal lighter and compact products
• Weight is very less
• Example- electronic industries

Classification of industries based on basic output Basic industries

• These Industries produce raw material for other industries
• Example- iron and steel

Consumer goods industries

• They produce goods for final consumption
• Example tea, soap, radio, coffee etc…
  • Classification of industries based on input

Agro- based industries

• Based on agriculture products
• Example- cotton, sugarcane, edible oil Forest based industries
• Based on forest products
• Example- paper, wood, furniture Metallic industries
• These Industries use different types of metal
  • Two types Ferrous
• Contains iron in raw material
• Example -iron and steel industry, motorcars, railway industries Non ferrous
• Raw materials which don’t contain iron
• Example- Copper and aluminum

Chemical Industries

• Based on chemicals
• Example –fertilizers, Textiles, paper industries, soap industries, glass Industries shampoo industries

Industries based on ownership

1. Public sector
2. Private sector
3. Joint sector

Public sector

• It is run by the government
• Profit is not the ultimate motto
• Welfare of the employee is given the top priority

Private sector

• Run by individual or group of people
• Profit is ultimate motto
• Time bound work
• Welfare is not at all considered

Joint sector

• Run by government as well as individual

Footloose industries

• It can be located in a wide variety of places
• They are not depending on any specific raw material
• It is weight loss and can be established anywhere
• They need small labour force
• They are generally not polluting the environment
• The important factor in their location is accessibility by road network

Traditional large scale industrial regions

• These industries are located near the source of coal
• Heavy industries and can be transported for long distance
• Industries are engaged in metal, chemical manufacturing textile production
• These industries are known as smoke stack industries

Important features of these industries

• High proportion of employment
• High-density in housing often of inferior type and very poor services
• Un attractive environment
• Problems of unemployment, emigration and land degradation near the industries

The Ruhr coalfield (Germany)

• The most important industrial region of Germany
• Steel, coal and iron ore are the backbone of this region
• Now this industrial region lost its importance by the following reasons
• The demand for coal is declined
• Iron ore resources are exhausted
• Future depends more on new industries like Opel car assembly plant, new chemical plants, Universities ..
• Industrial waste and environmental degradation

Concept of high Technology industry

• Hi-   Technology   or   simply   hi-tech   is   the   latest   version   of manufacturing activities
• It   is   intensive   research-oriented   manufacturing   to   increase production
• White Collar workers make a large share in the total workforce
• These highly skilled specialists greatly outnumber the actual production (Blue Collar workers)
• Example- robotics on the assembly line
• Electronic control in smelting and refining processes
• The constant development of new chemical and Pharmaceuticals

Characteristics of high-tech industries

• Well and neatly Spaced
• Modern, disposed official plants and lab buildings
• Factories and storage areas mark the Hi-Tech industrial landscape look
• Planned business parks for high tech startups

Technopolis

• Hi- tech industries which are generally concentrated, self- sustained and highly specialised are called Technopolis
• Example- the Silicon Valley near San Francisco, Silicon Forest near Seattle

Iron and steel industry

• It is called a basic industry
• Because it provides raw materials for other industries such as machine tools used for the production
• It is also called a heavy industry because it uses large quantity of a bulky raw materials
• Raw materials are iron ore, manganese, coal and limestone

Cotton textile industry

There are three sectors

• Handlooms
• Power looms
• Mill sectors

Handlooms

• Give employment to Semi skilled workers
• It needs a small capital investment
• The sector involves spinning, weaving and finishing up fabrics

Power loom

• Less labour intensive
• volume of production increases

Mill sector

• Highly capital intensive and production is with high skilled and unskilled labour

Problems of cotton textile industry

• Very tough competition with synthetic fibers
• Non availability of good cotton
• Poor technology in developing countries